Homeownership can come in many shapes and sizes, and so can homeowners insurance forms and endorsements. If you’re new to homeownership or homeowners insurance, then knowing what insurance form and endorsements you need will make sure you and your property are properly protected against any apparent risks.

What Homeowners Insurance Forms Are Available?

As mentioned previously, there are a handful of different homeowners insurance policy forms that cover various scenarios. Some may not apply to you, and some may be relics of the past, but there is undoubtedly one that you will need as a homeowner.

HO-1: Also known as “ basic form,” this is the most basic and limited of homeowners insurance policies. Given that these policies provide such limited coverage, they are all but extinct, and virtually no insurance companies continue to offer them.

HO-2: Also known as “ broad form,” this type of policy offers a broader range of insurance coverage than an HO-1.

HO-3: Also known as “ special form,” this is the most common home insurance policy currently available. It provides more expansive coverage than an HO-2 and has what’s known as “open peril” coverage, which means that the policy will cover repair costs from any peril unless it is listed as an exclusion. These policies also offer “ named peril ” coverage, which includes personal property coverage from perils named in the policy. These perils typically include:

• Fire and smoke damage

• Water damage

• Damage caused by the weight of ice, snow, and sleet

• Damage from vehicles, such as cars, aircraft, and watercraft

• Lightning strikes

• Explosions

• Vandalism

• Theft coverage

• Falling objects

HO-4: Also known as “ renters insurance,” this type of policy will typically cover personal property replacement costs if you rent property and experience damage to your personal belongings. Renters insurance does not cover damage to the actual unit being rented.

HO-5: The most expanded home insurance policies available. These policies typically have more covered perils as well as higher coverage limits.

HO-6: Also known as “condo insurance” or “walls-in coverage,” these policies cover condominium units, as well as the unit owners ’ personal belongings contained within the unit.

HO-7: Also known as “ mobile home form,” this type of policy is essentially a slightly modified HO-2 that applies to mobile/manufactured homes. HO-7s may not cover the same perils as an HO-2, so be sure to check the policy to get a clear sense of what is covered. Properties that qualify as mobile homes usually include:

• Trailers

• Single-wide manufactured/ mobile homes

• Double-wide manufactured/ mobile homes

• Sectional homes or modular homes

• Park model homes and RVs

HO-8: Also known as “modified coverage form,” this type of policy exists for older homes that do not meet an insurer’s standards for HO-2 or HO-3 policies. If your home fits this mold, you may need to upgrade certain portions of the property to meet building codes and qualify for other policies.

Obviously, if you’re a homeowner, you wouldn’t consider renters insurance or other forms that wouldn’t necessarily apply to your situation. The best thing you can do is read the finer coverage details of your policy to see what’s actually covered. If you see specific gaps in your coverage that could put you and your property at risk, it may be time to start considering endorsements.

What Are Endorsements, and Which Ones Do I Need?

As mentioned above, endorsements occur when you add or remove optional coverage from your homeowners insurance policy. If, for example, you have a policy that does not include earthquake coverage and you live in an area at risk of earthquakes, you can obtain an earthquake endorsement to get that coverage.

Of course, it may not be the most economically sound idea to pay for every endorsement available. Instead, take the time to review the risks facing your home, and add endorsements to cover high-risk gaps in coverage.

Most insurance providers offer policy endorsements for the following:

• Windstorm Coverage: Otherwise known as “hurricane coverage,” this endorsement mostly applies to coastal homes at an elevated risk of hurricane damage. While many plans offer named peril coverage for generic wind or hail damage, insurers may not extend that same coverage in the event of a hurricane. If windstorm coverage is not offered as an add-on, you may need to purchase a separate policy (and pay a separate deductible).

• Flood Insurance: Flood coverage is typically not offered in standard home insurance policies. However, many insurers can offer a flood insurance endorsement that is commonly provided by the National Flood Insurance Program. The only downside is that these endorsements have notoriously low coverage limits, so for higher coverage limits, you may need to turn to private flood insurance.

• Earthquake Coverage: Probably the most widely excluded peril (due to the financial risk caused by potential widespread damage), earthquakes are usually specific to certain geographic regions. California, for example, is consistently at a high risk of earthquakes, and so insurance providers can offer earthquake endorsements from the California Earthquake Authority. If you live in California or another state known to experience earthquakes, consider getting an earthquake endorsement.

• Extended Replacement Cost Coverage: An extension of dwelling coverage (which covers home repair costs), this endorsement effectively raises the coverage limit of your home insurance policy.

• Additional Personal Property Coverage: As with replacement cost coverage, insurers can enforce limits on how much property damage to your personal belongings they will cover. They can also impose sub-limits on specific categories of items. If you are the owner of fine art, silverware, jewelry, or equipment with a high monetary value, it might make sense to purchase a personal property endorsement to make sure you are covered. If you have an item that requires a particularly high level of coverage, you may need to appraise the item in order to purchase the correct endorsement.

• Sewer/Water Backup Coverage: While standard policies cover some instances of water damage, this type of endorsement is specific to water that has overflowed into your home from the home’s drain, sump pump, or sewage system. Given that this water contains a higher level of contamination and potential for damage, insurers can require you to obtain an endorsement for coverage.

• Service Line Coverage: This type of coverage helps cover the cost of repairs to an essential water or utility line on your property.

• Food Spoilage Coverage: This type of endorsement can help cover the cost of perishable food lost as a result of refrigerator power loss from a larger power outage.

• Identity Theft/Cybersecurity Coverage: In truth, identity theft endorsements rarely cover more than court costs or time lost at work as a result of an identity theft incident. On the other hand cybersecurity coverage covers various cybercrimes, though this type of coverage is typically reserved for high-value homes.

• Personal Liability Coverage: This endorsement can help you in the event that you are sued and found liable for damages that occurred to others on your property. This can include things like medical payments and court costs.

• Personal Injury Coverage: This type of coverage can help cover bodily injury sustained by you or members of your household. It can even go so far as to cover emotional damages or settlement costs insofar as your policy limits will allow.

• Mold/Fungus Coverage: Typically, standard homeowners insurance coverage will cover mold if caused by a covered loss. This type of endorsement will cover for mold testing, the cost of property damaged by mold, and the cost of replacing damaged property.

• Dwelling Construction Coverage: If your home is vacant due to construction, some insurance companies will view this as a heightened risk and might cancel your policy. A dwelling construction endorsement can help make sure your home stays insured while it’s under construction.

• Loss of Use Coverage: This type of endorsement will help cover additional living expenses resulting from covered losses. For example, if you are forced out of your home due to fire damage, loss of use coverage will cover the costs of temporary housing, additional food expenses, and other costs that you otherwise would not have incurred had the damage never happened.